The Invention of Women: Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses - Oyewumi, Oyeronke Review & Synopsis

Synopsis The "woman question", this book asserts, is a Western one, and not a proper lens for viewing African society. A work that rethinks gender as a Western contruction, The Invention of Women offers a new way of understanding both Yoruban and Western cultures. Oyewumi traces the misapplication of Western, body-oriented concepts of gender through the history of gender discourses in Yoruba studies. Her analysis shows the paradoxical nature of two fundamental assumptions of feminist theory: that gender is socially constructed in old Yoruba society, and that social organization was determined by relative age. Review Oyeronke Oyewumi is assistant professor in the Department of Black Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. The Invention of Women The author traces the misapplication of Western, body-oriented concepts of gender through the history of gender discourses in Yoruba studies. THE INVENTION OF WOMEN demonstrates that biology as a rationale for organizing the social world is a Western construction not applicable in Yoruban culture where social organization was determined by relative age. THE INVENTION OF WOMEN demonstrates that biology as a rationale for organizing the social world is a Western construction not applicable in Yoruban culture where social organization was determined by relative age." Africa After Gender? Gender is one of the most productive, dynamic, and vibrant areas of Africanist research today. This volume looks at Africa now that gender has come into play to consider how the continent, its people, and the term itself have changed. Recreating Ourselves: African Women Critical Transformations. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press. Oyewumi , Oyeronke . 1997. The Invention of Women : Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses . Minneapolis: University of Minnesota ..." What Gender is Motherhood? In this book, Oyěwùmí extends her path-breaking thesis that in Yorùbá society, construction of gender is a colonial development since the culture exhibited no gender divisions in its original form. Taking seriously indigenous modes and categories of knowledge, she applies her finding of a non-gendered ontology to the social institutions of Ifá, motherhood, marriage, family and naming practices. Oyěwùmí insists that contemporary assertions of male dominance must be understood, in part, as the work of local intellectuals who took marching orders from Euro/American mentors and colleagues. In exposing the depth of the coloniality of power, Oyěwùmí challenges us to look at the worlds we inhabit, anew. In this book, Oyěwùmí extends her path-breaking thesis that in Yorùbá society, construction of gender is a colonial development since the culture exhibited no gender divisions in its original form." Qualitative Methods in Africana Studies This survey of methodology provides a framework for understanding Africana Studies. Correlating this book to research and writing in Africana Studies, helps to extend the perplexity, paradox, and parley of social science and humanistic research. This book attempts to answer, what is Africana Studies with reference to an interdisciplinary body of knowledge? Africana Studies is the global Pan-Africanist study of African phenomena interpreted from an Afrocentric perspective. Among those scholars who contribute to this interdisciplinary body of knowledge, perspective signals the commonality in the school of thought. This book offers general definitions and descriptions of the qualitative and quantitative research. InAfrican Women and Feminism: Reflections on the Politics of Sisterhood, edited by Oyeronke Oyewumi , pp.99–157. Trenton, NJ,: African World Press, 2003. ... The Invention of Women : Making An African Sense of Western Gender Discourses ." African Gender Studies This is the first comprehensive reader that brings African experiences to bear on the ongoing global discussions of women, gender, and society. Bringing together the essential writing on this topic from the last 25 years, these essays discuss gender in Africa from a multi-disciplinary perspective. “Visualizing the Body: Western Theories and African Subjects,” from The Invention of Women : Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997. Pp. 1–17. ———." Feminist African Philosophy The book argues that women's perspectives and gender issues must be mainstreamed across African philosophy in order for the discipline to truly represent the thoughts of Africans across the continent. African philosophy as an academic discipline emerged as a direct challenge to Western and Eurocentric hegemonies. It sought to actualize the project of decolonization and to contribute African perspectives to global discourses. There has, however, been a dominance of male perspectives in this field of human knowledge. This book argues that African philosophy cannot claim to have liberated people of African descent from marginalization until the androcentric nature of African philosophy is addressed. Key concepts such as Ujamaa, Negritude, Ubuntu, Consciencism, and African Socialism are explored as they relate to African women's lives or as models of inclusion or exclusion from politics. In addition to offering a feminist critique of African philosophy, the book also discusses topics that have been consistently overlooked in African philosophy. These topics include sex, sexuality, rape, motherhood, prostitution, and the low participation of women in politics. By highlighting the work of women feminist scholars such as Oyeronke Oyewumi, Nkiru Nzegwu, Ifi Amadiume, Amina Mama, and Bibi Bakare-Yusuf, the book engages with African philosophy from an African feminist viewpoint. This book will be an essential resource for students and researchers of African philosophy and gender studies. Dieng, Rama Salla and Andrea O'Reilly, 2020, Feminist Parenting: Perspectives from Africa and Beyond, Ontario: Demeter Press. ... Oyewumi , Oyeronke , 1997, The Invention of Women : Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses , ..." Beyond Bodies Beyond Bodies examines the Ihanzu sensibilities about gender through a fine-grained ethnography of rainmaking rites. Oyewumi , Oyeronke . 1997. The Invention of Women : Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses . Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. – 2002. Conceptualizing Gender : The Eurocentric Foundations of Feminist Concepts and the ..." The Palgrave Handbook of African Philosophy This handbook investigates the current state and future possibilities of African Philosophy, as a discipline and as a practice, vis-à-vis the challenge of African development and Africa’s place in a globalized, neoliberal capitalist economy. The volume offers a comprehensive survey of the philosophical enterprise in Africa, especially with reference to current discourses, arguments and new issues—feminism and gender, terrorism and fundamentalism, sexuality, development, identity, pedagogy and multidisciplinarity, etc.—that are significant for understanding how Africa can resume its arrested march towards decolonization and liberation. “Woman,” A Poem. Oyewumi , Oyeronke . 1997. The Invention of Women : Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses . London: University of Minnesota Press. Oyewumi , Oyeronke . 1998. De-confounding Gender : Feminist Theorizing and ..." Postcolonial Hauntologies: African Women’s Discourses of the Female Bod Postcolonial Hauntologies is an interdisciplinary and comparative analysis of critical, literary, visual, and performance texts by women from different parts of Africa. While contemporary critical thought and feminist theory have largely integrated the sexual female body into their disciplines, colonial representations of African women’s sexuality “haunt” contemporary postcolonial African scholarship which—by maintaining a culture of avoidance about women’s sexuality—generates a discursive conscription that ultimately holds the female body hostage. Ayo A. Coly employs the concept of “hauntology” and “ghostly matters” to formulate an explicative framework in which to examine postcolonial silences surrounding the African female body as well as a theoretical framework for discerning the elusive and cautious presences of female sexuality in the texts of African women. In illuminating the pervasive silence about the sexual female body in postcolonial African scholarship, Postcolonial Hauntologies challenges hostile responses to critical and artistic voices that suggest the African female body represents sacred ideological-discursive ground on which one treads carefully, if at all. Coly demonstrates how “ghosts” from the colonial past are countered by discursive engagements with explicit representations of women’s sexuality and bodies that emphasize African women’s power and autonomy. “From Orality to Writing: African Women Writers and the (Re)Inscription of Womanhood.” Research in African Literatures 25, no. ... Oyewumi , Oyeronke . 1997. The Invention of Women : Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses ." Localization in Development Aid This edited volume brings together the work of scholars from different disciplines including sociology, political science and anthropology, and analyses how global institutions are embedded in local contexts within development aid. It examines theoretical and empirical implications of the diffusion and anchoring of world polity institutions at the local and global levels. The volume furthers the understanding of the dynamics of norm negotiation and glocalization processes in culturally varied societies in an era of globalization. Themes and topics covered include: children and human rights, gender mainstreaming, multi-level actor partnerships, anti-corruption programming, local ownership, land rights and corporate social responsibility. Bringing together expert contributors, this comprehensive volume will be an invaluable resource for all scholars of localization and globalization studies, as well as those in the field of international relations. 1997. The Invention of Women : Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourse . Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Oyewumi , Oyeronke . 2003. Introduction: Feminism, Sisterhood, and Other Foreign Relations. In Oyewumi , O. (ed.) ..." Women and Interreligious Dialogue "Though women have been objects more often than subjects of interreligious dialogue, they have nevertheless contributed in significant ways to the dialogue, just as the dialogue has also contributed to their own self-understanding. This volume, the fifth in the Interreligious Dialogue Series, brings together historical, critical, and constructive approaches to the role of women in the dialogue between religions. These approaches deal with concrete examples of women's involvement in dialogue, critical reflections on the representation of women in dialogue, and the important question of what women might bring to the dialogue. Together, they open up new avenues for reflection on the nature and purpose of interreligious dialogue. " Nigerian sociologist Oyeronke Oyewumi , in her 1997 book, The Invention of Women : Making African Sense of Western Gender Discourse ,11 argued that the western categories of gender have no relevance in Africa . On the basis of her study of ..." Women's Authority and Society in Early East-Central Africa A radical reassessment of the importance of women in East-Central African society during the precolonial period. Oyewumi , Oyeronke . The Invention of Women : Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses . Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997. ———. “Mothers Not Women: Making An African Sense of Western Gender Discourse ." Africana Theory, Policy, and Leadership Africana Theory, Policy, and Leadership is an eclectic work that examines Africana issues from multiple angles, including literature, ethnography, gender, aesthetics, and diversity. The contributors to this volume add unique and insightful works to the collection of research and writing documenting the pan-African experience. Conyers offers the reader an interdisciplinary approach to the study of people of African descent with special emphasis on the black population of the United States. This collection addresses a wide range of topics. “Africana Literature as Social Science” reviews the scholarship of August Wilson and Suzan Lori-Parks. “How Homeland Eritrea Monitors Its American Diaspora” analyzes Eritrean government-diaspora tensions. “Toward Theorizing Gender without Feminism” and “Are Black Women the New Mules of the Prison Industrial Complex?” illustrates the double burden of race and gender borne by black women. “Africana Aesthetics” documents black life in post-Civil War Texas with photos. “Africana Studies and Diversity” explores the struggle to maintain athletic programs at historically black colleges. “The Africana Idea in Leadership Studies” offers an Afrocentric approach to the study of critical theory in leadership. This volume presents examples of Africana scholarship in major areas of work, including literature, politics, feminist studies, criminology, history, and sports studies, and is the most recent volume in Transaction’s Africana Studies series. their wives reached 45–50 years of age.56 Ma Rainey's Black Bottom Music, dance, and song feature prominently in Wilson's works, and Ma Rainey , though the only play of the century cycle not set in Pittsburgh, itemizes the variables ..." TransNarratives Filling a gap in literature and fulfilling the need for trans-focused work, TransNarratives is an interdisciplinary collection featuring narratives of transgender experiences, providing a sourcebook of a range of trans perspectives, writing styles, and trans methodological fields of applicability. The works included transcend disciplinary boundaries in the pursuit of academic knowledge and creativity, actively deconstructing binaries wherever they begin to appear, whether with regard to gender, race, ability, or sexuality, or to the binary divisions that can sometimes separate academic and creative production. Calling attention to transgender writers, this unique and timely text showcases a wide variety of material, including scholarship from multi- and interdisciplinary transgender perspectives, poetry and fiction that foregrounds trans experience, and first-person transgender narratives. The essays, poems, and stories cover a range of topics relevant to transgender, gender nonconforming, and nonbinary experiences, across time, geographic location, and cultures. An important addition to the field, this groundbreaking text will serve as an essential collection of works for students and researchers in transgender studies, queer studies, and gender studies. FEATURES - Provides accessible, thematically wide-ranging, and stylistically diverse writings, including scholarship from multi- and interdisciplinary transgender perspectives - Includes multi-generational perspectives and non-able-bodied subjectivities - Uniquely formatted to support a dialogue between creative and scholarly work Oyewumi , Oyeronke . The Invention of Women : Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses . U of Minnesota P, 1997. Park, Suey, and David Leonard. “Toxic or Intersectional? Challenges to (White) Feminist Hegemony Online." Òrìşà Devotion as World Religion As the twenty-first century begins, tens of millions of people participate in devotions to the spirits called Orisa. This book explores the emergence of Orisa devotion as a world religion, one of the most remarkable and compelling developments in the history of the human religious quest. Originating among the Yoruba people of West Africa, the varied traditions that comprise Orisa devotion are today found in Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe, and Australia. The African spirit proved remarkably resilient in the face of the transatlantic slave trade, inspiring the perseverance of African religion wherever its adherents settled in the New World. Among the most significant manifestations of this spirit, Yoruba religious culture persisted, adapted, and even flourished in the Americas, especially in Brazil and Cuba, where it thrives as Candomble and Lukumi/Santeria, respectively. After the end of slavery in the Americas, the free migrations of Latin American and African practitioners has further spread the religion to places like New York City and Miami. Thousands of African Americans have turned to the religion of their ancestors, as have many other spiritual seekers who are not themselves of African descent. Ifa divination in Nigeria, Candomble funerary chants in Brazil, the role of music in Yoruba revivalism in the United States, gender and representational authority in Yoruba religious culture these are among the many subjects discussed here by experts from around the world. Approaching Orisa devotion from diverse vantage points, their collective effort makes this one of the most authoritative texts on Yoruba religion and a groundbreaking book that heralds this rich, complex, and variegated tradition as one of the world s great religions. " Sex and the Empire That Is No More : Gender and the Politics of Metaphor in Oyo Yorubd Religion . New York : Berghahn . ... Oyewumi , Oyeronke . 1997. The Invention of Women : Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses ." Revolutionary Struggles and Girls’ Education Revolutionary Struggles and Girls' Education centers on the education system of North-Ethiopia's (in)ability to address discrimination and enable transformation of “hard-lived” gender norms, which therefore continue to hinder girls’ educational performance, even after parity is reached. Oyewumi , Oyeronke . 1997. The Invention of Women . Making African Sense of Western Gender Discourses . Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Oyewumi , Oyeronke . 2000. “Family Bonds/Conceptual Binds: African Notes on Feminist ..." Hear Our Voices Aims to expose the racist and sexist practices that suffuse the institutional culture of South-African universities. The contributors seek to apply the alternative theoretical and methodological frameworks of black feminist thought. They offer material of interest to women scholars. Oyeronke Oyewumi not only rejects the premise that gender is a foundational category , but also rejects the category ' woman ' itself . In The Invention of Women : Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses , Oyewumi argues ..." Historical Dictionary of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa This second edition of Historical Dictionary of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa contains a chronology, an introduction, appendixes, and a bibliography. The dictionary section has over 700 cross-referenced entries on individual African women in history, politics, religion, and the arts; on important events, organizations, and publications. Oyewumi , Oyeronke . The Invention of Women : Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses . Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997. ———. “ Making History, Creating Gender : Some Methodological and Interpretive Questions in ..." Gender and Language in Sub-Saharan Africa Gender and Language in Sub-Saharan Africa: Tradition, Struggle and Change is the first book to bring together the topics of language and gender, African languages, and gender in African contexts, and it does so in a descriptive, explanatory and critical way. Including fascinating new work and new, often challenging data from Botswana, Chad, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa, this collection looks at some ‘traditional’ uses of language in relation to the gender of its speakers and the gendered nature of the languages themselves; it also identifies and explores social change in terms of both gender and sexuality, as reflected in and constructed by language and discourse. The contributions to this volume are accessibly written and will be of interest to students and established academics working on African sociolinguistics and discourse, as well as those whose interest is language, gender and sexuality. Oyewumi , Oyeronke . 1997. The Invention of Women : Making an African sense of Western Gender Discourses . Minneapolis/St. Pauls: University ofMinnesota Press. Prah, Kwesi Kwaa. 1998. African scholars and Africanist scholarship." Female Voices from an Ewe Dance-drumming Community in Ghana Ewe dance-drumming has been extensively studied throughout the history of ethnomusicology, but up to now there has not been a single study that addresses Ewe female musicians. James Burns redresses this deficiency through a detailed ethnography of a group of female musicians from the Dzigbordi community dance-drumming club from the rural town of Dzodze, located in South-Eastern Ghana. Dzigbordi was specifically chosen because of the author's long association with the group members, and because it is part of a genre known as adekede, or female songs of redress, where women musicians critique gender relations in society. Burns uses audio and video interviews, recordings of rehearsals and performances and detailed collaborative analyses of song texts, dance routines and performance practice to address important methodological shifts in ethnomusicology that outline a more humanistic perspective of music cultures. This perspective encompasses the inter-linkages between history, social processes and individual creative artists. The voices of Dzigbordi women provide us not only with a more complete picture of Ewe music-making, they further allow us to better understand the relationship between culture, social life and individual creativity. The book will therefore appeal to those interested in African Studies, Gender Studies and Oral Literature, as well as ethnomusicology. Includes a DVD documentary. 16 Recent studies include: Ifi Amadiume, Reinventing Africa : Matriarchy, Religion, and Culture (London: Zed Books, 1997); Oyeronke Oyewumi , The Invention of Women : Making African Sense of Western Gender Discourses (Minneapolis: ..." Gender and Sexuality in Kenyan Societies This volume explores aspects of gender and sexuality in Kenya through the lens of humane scholarship, philosophies, politics, identities, cosmoses, literatures, languages, cultures, and more. For an extended discussion in connection to Africana history, refer for instance to the work of Oyewumi Oyeronke . See Oyeronke Oyewumi , The Invention of Women : Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses (Minneapolis: ..." Readings in Gender in Africa Readers from across the landscape of African studies will find this an essential sourcebook.Published in association with the International African Institute, London Oyewumi , Oyeronke , 1997 , The Invention of Women : Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . Parkin , D. , and Nyamwaya , D. ( eds ) , 1987 , Transformations of African ..." Gender Justice, Citizenship & Development Printbegrænsninger: Der kan printes kapitelvis. ... the Citizenship of Women: A Comparative Gendered Analysis of the Concept of “Legal Personhood” in Africa ', www.gwsafrica.org Oyewumi , Oyeronke (1997) The Invention of Women : Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses , ..." Islam and Gender Given the intense political scrutiny of Islam and Muslims, which often centres on gendered concerns, Islam and Gender: Major Issues and Debates is an accessible and comprehensive introduction to the key topics, problems and debates in this engaging subject. Split into three parts, this book places the discussion in its historical context, provides up-to-date case studies and delves into contemporary debate on the subject. This book includes discussion of the following important topics: Marriage and divorce Interpretations of the Qur’an and Sunna Male and female sexuality and sexual diversity Classical Islamic thought on masculinity and femininity Gender and hadith Polygamy and inheritance Adultery and sexual violence Veiling, female circumcision and crimes of honour Lived religiosities Gender justice in Islam. Islam and Gender is essential reading for students in religious studies, Islamic studies and gender studies, as well as those in related fields, such as cultural studies, politics, area studies, sociology, anthropology and history. 5 Oyewumi , Oyeronke , The Invention of Women : Making An African Sense of Western Gender Discourses , (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1997). Oluwafunmilayo, Elizabeth Kehinde, “A Critical Analysis of Eldership Based Ethics ..." Beyond Women’s Empowerment in Africa This book breaks new ground in understanding how modern society has shaped women's knowledge system in Africa and deconstructs long-held myths about the position of ordinary women in the construction of knowledge. ... specifically in the works of postcolonial feminist scholars such as Oyeronke Oyewumi , The Invention of Women : Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses (1997) and Margret Ogola's The River and the Source (2002)." New Perspectives on Racial Identity Development For well over a century, the United Fruit Company (UFCO) has been the most vilified multinational corporation operating in Latin America. Criticism of the UFCO has been widespread, ranging from politicians to consumer activists, and from labor leaders to historians, all portraying it as an overwhelmingly powerful corporation that shaped and often exploited its host countries. In this first history of the UFCO in Colombia, Marcelo Bucheli argues that the UFCO's image as an all-powerful force in determining national politics needs to be reconsidered. Using a previously unexplored source—the internal archives of Colombia's UFCO operation—Bucheli reveals that before 1930, the UFCO worked alongside a business-friendly government that granted it generous concessions and repressed labor unionism. After 1930, however, the country experienced dramatic transformations including growing nationalism, a stronger labor movement, and increasing demands by local elites for higher stakes in the banana export business. In response to these circumstances, the company abandoned production, selling its plantations (and labor conflicts) to local growers, while transforming itself into a marketing company. The shift was endorsed by the company's shareholders and financial analysts, who preferred lower profits with lower risks, and came at a time in which the demand for bananas was decreasing in America. Importantly, Bucheli shows that the effect of foreign direct investment was not unidirectional. Instead, the agency of local actors affected corporate strategy, just as the UFCO also transformed local politics and society. Oyewumi , Oyeronke . 1997. The Invention of Women : Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses . Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ———. 2002. “Conceptualizing Gender : The Eurocentric Foundations of Feminist Concepts and ..." Politics of the Female Body Is it possible to simultaneously belong to and be exiled from a community? Arguing that it is possible, the author uncovers the ways that the female body becomes a site of both oppression and resistance. She reveals common political and feminist alliances across geographic boundaries. ... aspects of women's oppressions.65 Oyeronke Oyewumi's text, The Invention of Women : Making African Sense of Western Gender Discourses , sets up a theoretical dichotomy between Africa and the west that is limiting.66 Although Oyewumi ..." Pathways to Alternative Epistemologies in Africa This volume investigates alternative epistemological pathways by which knowledge production in Africa can proceed. The contributors, using different intellectual dynamics, explore the existing epistemological dominance of the West—from architecture to gender discourse, from environmental management to democratic governance—and offer distinct and unique arguments that challenge the denigration of the different and differing modes of knowing that the West considered “barbaric” and “primitive.” This volume therefore constitutes a minimal gesture that further contributes to the ongoing discourse on alternative modes of knowing in Africa. Oyewumi , Oyeronke . 1997. The Invention of Women : Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses . Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Peel, John David Yeadon. 2002. Gender in Yoruba Religious Change." Gender Reckonings Vivid narratives, fresh insights, and new theories on where gender theory and research stand today Since scholars began interrogating the meaning of gender and sexuality in society, this field has become essential to the study of sociology. Gender Reckonings aims to map new directions for understanding gender and sexuality within a more pragmatic, dynamic, and socially relevant framework. It shows how gender relations must be understood on a large scale as well as in intimate detail. The contributors return to the basics, questioning how gender patterns change, how we can realize gender equality, and how the structures of gender impact daily life. Gender Reckonings covers not only foundational concepts of gender relations and gender justice, but also explores postcolonial patterns of gender, intersectionality, gender fluidity, transgender practices, neoliberalism, and queer theory. Gender Reckonings combines the insights of gender and sexuality scholars from different generations, fields, and world regions. The editors and contributors are leading social scientists from six continents, and the book gives vivid accounts of the changing politics of gender in different communities. Rich in empirical detail and novel thinking, Gender Reckonings is a lasting resource for students, researchers, activists, policymakers, and everyone concerned with gender justice. Oyewumi , Oyeronke . 1997. The Invention of Women : Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses . Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Ray, Raka. 2013. “Connell and Postcolonial Sociology.” Political Power and Social Theory ..." Women's Activism and Feminist Agency in Mozambique and Nicaragua In Women's Activism and Feminist Agency in Mozambique and Nicaragua, Jennifer Leigh Disney investigates the contours of women’s emancipation outside the framework of liberal democracy and a market economy. She interviews 146 women and men in the two countries to explore the comparative contribution of women’s participation in subsistence and informal economies, political parties and civil society organizations. She also discusses military struggles against colonialism and imperialism in fostering feminist agency to provide a fascinating look at how each movement evolved and how it changed in a post-revolutionary climate. Oyewumi , Oyeronke . The Invention of Women : Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses . Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997. Oyewumi , Oyeronke , ed. African Women & Feminism: Reflecting on the Politics of Sisterhood ..." Yorùbá Music in the Twentieth Century Drawing on extensive field research conducted over the course of two decades, Bode Omojola examines traditional and contemporary Yorùbá genres of music. “A Brief History of Independent Church Movements in Ghana since 1862.” In The Rise of Independent Churches in Ghana, 22–26. ... Oyewumi , Oyeronke . The Invention of Women : Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses ."